{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "site": "https://rerunwire.com",
  "story": {
    "slug": "misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials",
    "title": "The recurring misuse of license plate reader data by officials",
    "type": "recurring_scandal",
    "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/",
    "summary": "Police officers and agencies have repeatedly been accused of using automated license plate reader systems beyond what law or policy allows. Some cases involve officers tracking partners or former partners. Others involve agencies sharing plate data outside their state despite state limits. In October 2025, California Attorney General Rob Bonta sued the City of El Cajon, accusing its police department of repeatedly violating state law by sharing the data with law enforcement agencies in more than two dozen states; Mayor Bill Wells said the city was \"acting within the law.\" ABC News reported that a Washington Post investigation found at least 50 officers had been accused, charged or convicted of using Flock's system and other plate readers to spy on people, in many cases girlfriends or former partners. In August 2026 Flock announced it would require a criminal case number for every search and would automatically review searches for abnormal activity.",
    "summary_sources": [
      "https://abcnews.com/GMA/News/flock-announces-security-amid-data-privacy-concerns/story?id=135619397",
      "https://calmatters.org/justice/2025/10/el-cajon-police-license-plate-data/"
    ],
    "reruns": [
      {
        "anchor": "2020-02-13",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2020-02-13",
        "start": "2020-02-13",
        "end": "2020-02-14",
        "title": "California State Auditor's report on how police handled license plate reader data",
        "why_it_fits": "State Auditor Elaine Howle's report 2019-118 reviewed four agencies: LAPD, Fresno Police, the Marin County Sheriff's Office and the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office. It found they \"did not always follow practices that adequately consider the individual's privacy\" when handling and keeping plate reader data. It also found that none had a usage and privacy policy meeting all the requirements of Senate Bill 34, the state law in effect since 2016; LAPD had no ALPR policy at all. State law allows sharing ALPR images only with public agencies. Three of the agencies shared their images with hundreds of entities across the U.S. but could not provide evidence that they had checked whether those entities had a right or need to see them. The auditor also found the agencies had done little or no auditing of searches and so had no assurance that misuse had not occurred. Fresno Police said in a statement that the audit found no incidents of the department misusing the system. State Sen. Scott Wiener requested the audit. He said some agencies were \"violating state law\" and that he would ask the attorney general to \"crack down.\" LAPD's police commission approved an ALPR usage and privacy policy in December 2020, and the auditor rated its recommendation on auditing the system fully implemented in October 2022.",
        "sources": [
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            "url": "https://information.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2019-118/summary.html",
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            "url": "https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/02/13/auditor-law-enforcement-not-protecting-data-collected-by-automatic-license-plate-readers/",
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          {
            "url": "https://ktla.com/2020/02/13/lapd-automatic-license-plate-readers-pose-massive-privacy-risk-audit/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "url": "https://kmph.com/news/local/state-audits-automated-license-plate-readers-fresno-police-included",
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            "url": "https://information.auditor.ca.gov/reports/responses/2019-118/25",
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            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "None of the agencies have an ALPR usage and privacy policy that implements all the legally mandated—since 2016—requirements.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/02/13/auditor-law-enforcement-not-protecting-data-collected-by-automatic-license-plate-readers/",
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            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "We are going to ask the attorney general to crack down on these agencies that are violating existing state law",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://ktla.com/2020/02/13/lapd-automatic-license-plate-readers-pose-massive-privacy-risk-audit/",
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            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The audit found that 99.9% of the 320 million images the LAPD stored came from vehicles that were not on a list of those involved in criminal investigations",
            "timestamp": null,
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        ],
        "corrections": []
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      {
        "anchor": "2021-10-14",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2021-10-14",
        "start": "2021-10-14",
        "end": "2022-06-01",
        "title": "Lawsuit and settlement over the Marin County sheriff's out-of-state sharing of license plate reader data",
        "why_it_fits": "Marin County residents Lisa Bennett, Cesar S. Lagleva and Tara Evans sued the County of Marin and Sheriff Robert Doyle in Marin County Superior Court on Oct 14, 2021. They alleged that his office let hundreds of federal and out-of-state agencies, including ICE, query data from its automated license plate reader (ALPR) cameras. They said this broke SB 34, which bars sharing that data outside California, and SB 54, the state's sanctuary law. ACLU affiliates, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and attorney Michael T. Risher represented them. In a settlement announced June 1, 2022, Doyle agreed to stop sharing the data with agencies outside California, and the agreement binds his successors. The case was resolved by that settlement. The plaintiffs and the EFF describe the sharing as illegal. According to the EFF, Doyle agreed in the settlement that California law prohibits sharing ALPR data with entities outside the state. This is agency-level data sharing that the plaintiffs alleged broke state law, not one officer's personal use of the system. On Oct 1, 2026, the EFF and the ACLU of Northern California sent the sheriff's office a demand letter. It cited a Point Reyes Light report and the office's November 2024 audit report. The two groups say these show the office shared Flock ALPR data with out-of-state and federal agencies in late 2024, which they call a violation of SB 34 and the 2022 settlement. As quoted in their letter, the office says it took deliberate steps to disable nationwide data access.",
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          {
            "url": "https://www.ktvu.com/news/marin-county-sheriff-sued-over-sharing-license-data-with-ice",
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            "url": "https://www.ktvu.com/news/marin-county-sheriff-wont-share-license-plate-data-with-agencies-outside-california",
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            "url": "https://www.courthousenews.com/marin-county-sheriff-agrees-to-stop-sharing-data-with-feds/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "courthousenews.com",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.eff.org/press/releases/community-activists-reach-settlement-marin-county-sheriff-unlawfully-sharing-drivers",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "eff.org",
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          },
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            "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/10/we-demand-more-information-how-marin-cops-illegally-shared-flock-alpr-data",
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        ],
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            "url": "https://www.ktvu.com/news/marin-county-sheriff-sued-over-sharing-license-data-with-ice",
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            "outlet": "ktvu.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Immigrant rights activists on Thursday sued the Marin County Sheriff for sharing millions of drivers' license plates and location data with federal and out-of-state agencies",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.ktvu.com/news/marin-county-sheriff-wont-share-license-plate-data-with-agencies-outside-california",
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            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "ktvu.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Marin County's sheriff will stop sharing license plate and location information with agencies outside of California, including ICE, according to a legal settlement announced on Wednesday by the ACLU.",
            "timestamp": null,
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          },
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            "url": "https://www.courthousenews.com/marin-county-sheriff-agrees-to-stop-sharing-data-with-feds/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "outlet": "courthousenews.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The settlement is binding for future leaders of the sheriff's office.",
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          },
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            "archive_url": null,
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            "captured": "2026-10-25",
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      },
      {
        "anchor": "2022-10-30",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2022-10-30",
        "start": "2022-10-30",
        "end": "2023-04-30",
        "title": "Kechi, Kansas police lieutenant used Wichita's Flock system to track his estranged wife",
        "why_it_fits": "Kechi Police Lt. Victor Heiar used his position to get into the Wichita Police Department's (WPD) Flock license plate reader system without authorization. He used it to track where his estranged wife was. WPD arrested him on Oct. 26, 2022, and booked him on one count of stalking and one count of unlawful acts concerning computers. He was removed from the Kechi department. WPD then cut off the whole Kechi department's Flock access. Heiar pleaded guilty to misdemeanor computer crime and stalking. In April 2023 a Sedgwick County judge gave him a controlling term of 24 months in jail and granted him 18 months' probation instead.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2022/10/31/kechi-police-lieutenant-arrested-using-police-technology-stalk-wife/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
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            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2022/11/04/kechi-police-lieutenants-arrest-puts-flock-technology-under-scrutiny/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
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            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2023/04/05/former-kechi-police-lieutenant-convicted-stalking-charges/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.ksn.com/news/crime/former-kechi-police-lieutenant-sentenced-in-stalking-case/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "ksn.com",
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        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2022/10/31/kechi-police-lieutenant-arrested-using-police-technology-stalk-wife/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "unlawfully access WPD’s flock license plate reader technology to monitor where his estranged wife was located",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2022/11/04/kechi-police-lieutenants-arrest-puts-flock-technology-under-scrutiny/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The Wichita Police Department has revoked access to its “Flock” license plate reading camera system to the entire Kechi Police Department",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kwch.com/2023/04/05/former-kechi-police-lieutenant-convicted-stalking-charges/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "kwch.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The former lieutenant of the Kechi Police Department pled guilty to computer crime and stalking, both misdemeanors.",
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          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2024-08-13",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2024-08-13",
        "start": "2024-08-13",
        "end": "2024-08-25",
        "title": "August 2024 – Sedgwick, Kansas police chief used Flock cameras to track his ex-girlfriend",
        "why_it_fits": "Sedgwick's police chief, Lee Nygaard, used the city's Flock cameras to look up his ex-girlfriend's plate 164 times (June 24 – Oct. 5, 2023) and her new boyfriend's plate 64 times (Aug. 11 – Oct. 10, 2023). These figures come from the KSCPOST order that revoked his license, as reported by the Wichita Eagle and KAKE. In Flock he entered reasons such as \"missing child\" and \"drug investigation.\" The order says he first claimed drug concerns but \"ultimately admitted that jealousy was involved.\" He admitted the Flock misuse while being investigated for a separate misconduct case and resigned on Oct. 20, 2023. KSCPOST revoked his certification. The city administrator called the conduct a violation of the city's ethics policy and the standards of conduct for officers, but said it \"did not appear to be sufficient to warrant a criminal investigation.\" No charges were filed.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/kansas-police-chief-used-flock-093300946.html",
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            "outlet": "yahoo.com",
            "reliability": "reliable"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kake.com/home/sedgwick-police-chief-tracked-ex-girlfriend-164-times-using-license-plate-cams/article_21fdfdba-5dc5-11ef-95c4-8be8baa3f10c.html",
            "archive_url": null,
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        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/kansas-police-chief-used-flock-093300946.html",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "yahoo.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Lee Nygaard admitted to misusing Flock while he was being investigated for an unrelated misconduct case, a Sedgwick official said. He then resigned.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kake.com/home/sedgwick-police-chief-tracked-ex-girlfriend-164-times-using-license-plate-cams/article_21fdfdba-5dc5-11ef-95c4-8be8baa3f10c.html",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "kake.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Nygaard initially claimed he was following them due to drug-related issues, but later admitted jealousy was involved in his decisions.",
            "timestamp": null,
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          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2025-05-27",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-05-27",
        "start": "2025-05-27",
        "end": "2025-06-25",
        "title": "404 Media reported that local police were running Flock searches for ICE",
        "why_it_fits": "On May 27, 2025, 404 Media reported Flock search logs from the Danville, Illinois police department, obtained through a public records request. The logs showed more than 4,000 nationwide and statewide lookups by local and state police. 404 Media said these were done for the federal government, as \"informal\" favors, or with a possible immigration focus, even though Flock had no contract with ICE. Officers typed reasons such as \"immigration,\" \"ICE+ERO\" and \"ICE WARRANT.\" On June 12, Illinois Secretary of State Alexi Giannoulias said Mount Prospect police had shared plate-reader data in violation of a state law that bars sharing for immigration enforcement or abortion tracking. His office said the system had been searched 262 times for immigration reasons between mid-January and the end of April. Mount Prospect officials denied wrongdoing, and the state opened an audit. On June 25, 404 Media reported that Flock had stopped agencies elsewhere from searching cameras in Illinois, California and Virginia.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.404media.co/ice-taps-into-nationwide-ai-enabled-camera-network-data-shows/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "404media.co",
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          {
            "url": "https://www.404media.co/flock-removes-states-from-national-lookup-tool-after-ice-and-abortion-searches-revealed/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "404media.co",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/abortion/2025/06/12/license-plate-readers-illinois-abortion-immigration",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "chicago.suntimes.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.nprillinois.org/illinois/2025-06-12/illinois-license-plate-cameras-used-illegally-by-out-of-state-police-giannoulias-says",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.commondreams.org/news/ice-license-plate-reader",
            "archive_url": null,
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        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.404media.co/ice-taps-into-nationwide-ai-enabled-camera-network-data-shows/",
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            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "404media.co",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Local police around the country are performing lookups in Flock's AI-powered automatic license plate reader (ALPR) system for \"immigration\" related searches",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/abortion/2025/06/12/license-plate-readers-illinois-abortion-immigration",
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            "outlet": "chicago.suntimes.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Mount Prospect police have also shared license plate data in hundreds of immigration-related cases, in violation of a state law that took effect last year",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.404media.co/flock-removes-states-from-national-lookup-tool-after-ice-and-abortion-searches-revealed/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "404media.co",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Flock... has stopped agencies across the country from searching cameras inside Illinois, California, and Virginia",
            "timestamp": null,
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          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2025-05-29",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-05-29",
        "start": "2025-05-29",
        "end": "2025-06-13",
        "title": "Johnson County, Texas sheriff's office Flock search tied to an abortion",
        "why_it_fits": "On May 9, 2025, a Johnson County Sheriff's Office sergeant ran two Flock searches with the logged reason \"had an abortion, search for female.\" The second covered 6,809 networks and 83,345 cameras, according to Flock search logs the EFF obtained. Illinois Secretary of State Alexi Giannoulias said a suburban Illinois police department (Mount Prospect, per the Sun-Times headline) illegally shared license plate data with the Texas sheriff. Illinois law bars sharing this data with outside agencies tracking people for seeking an abortion. Sheriff Adam King called the search a welfare check and said the woman was not under investigation. Records the EFF later obtained describe a \"death investigation\" in which deputies asked the district attorney's office about charges and were told the state could not charge her.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2025/06/13/after-finding-fetal-remains-north-texas-cops-used-camera-network-to-search-for-woman/",
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            "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/flock-safety-and-texas-sheriff-claimed-license-plate-search-was-missing-person-it",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/abortion/2025/06/12/license-plate-readers-illinois-abortion-immigration",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.404media.co/a-texas-cop-searched-license-plate-cameras-nationwide-for-a-woman-who-got-an-abortion/",
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        ],
        "items": [
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            "url": "https://www.404media.co/a-texas-cop-searched-license-plate-cameras-nationwide-for-a-woman-who-got-an-abortion/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "404media.co",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The sheriff said the woman self-administered the abortion and her family were concerned for her safety, so authorities searched through Flock cameras.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/abortion/2025/06/12/license-plate-readers-illinois-abortion-immigration",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "chicago.suntimes.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "A northwest suburban police department illegally shared automated license plate reader information with a Texas sheriff searching for a woman who got an abortion",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/flock-safety-and-texas-sheriff-claimed-license-plate-search-was-missing-person-it",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "eff.org",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "the State could not statutorily charge [her] for taking the pill to cause the abortion or miscarriage of the non-viable fetus.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2025-08-25",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-08-25",
        "start": "2025-08-25",
        "end": "2025-08-29",
        "title": "Illinois Secretary of State says Flock broke state law by giving CBP access to Illinois plate data",
        "why_it_fits": "On Aug 25, 2025, Illinois Secretary of State Alexi Giannoulias said a sample audit of 12 Illinois law enforcement agencies found that the vendor Flock Safety lacked \"proper safeguards\" for data sharing. He said the company had let U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) access cameras on Illinois roads through a pilot program \"which Flock leadership was unaware of.\" He said this sharing violated Illinois law, and he ordered Flock to shut off CBP's access (NBC Chicago). Axios reported that a 2023 Illinois law bars sharing plate-reader data with police investigating out-of-state abortions or undocumented immigrants. Neither report says which provision of that law was breached. Axios also reported that Giannoulias' office confirmed 404 Media's May finding that CBP had asked local agencies to run immigration-related searches. That finding ties the case to local officials as well as to the vendor and the federal agency. In a statement quoted by Axios, Flock said that \"all ongoing federal pilots have been paused.\" The case involves plate-reader data shared by a vendor with a federal agency, which the Secretary of State said broke state law, based on an official audit.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/company-violated-illinois-law-by-sharing-license-plate-data-with-customs-and-border-protection-giannoulias/3814914/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "nbcchicago.com",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.axios.com/local/chicago/2025/08/26/illinois-flock-safety-cbp-license-plate-data-violations",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "axios.com",
            "reliability": "reliable"
          }
        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/company-violated-illinois-law-by-sharing-license-plate-data-with-customs-and-border-protection-giannoulias/3814914/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "nbcchicago.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "compounded by the fact that the company was running a pilot program with U.S. Customs and Border Protection, which Flock leadership was unaware of",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.axios.com/local/chicago/2025/08/26/illinois-flock-safety-cbp-license-plate-data-violations",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "axios.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "As of last week, all ongoing federal pilots have been paused",
            "timestamp": null,
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          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2025-10-03",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-10-03",
        "start": "2025-10-03",
        "end": "2025-10-08",
        "title": "California Attorney General sues El Cajon over sharing license plate reader (ALPR) data out of state",
        "why_it_fits": "On Oct 3, 2025, California AG Rob Bonta sued the City of El Cajon. He alleged that its police department shared ALPR data with more than 100 out-of-state law enforcement agencies, which California law forbids. The AG's office says the law lets agencies that collect ALPR data share it only with California public agencies. It says El Cajon kept sharing after an October 2023 AG bulletin, contact with the police chief, and \"multiple warnings.\" El Cajon Mayor Bill Wells confirmed the city shares the data with other states. He said the city was \"acting within the law\" and that it does not share data with ICE. So far this is the AG's allegation in a lawsuit, which the city disputes. In a January 2026 motion in the case, the AG's office was still asking the San Diego County Superior Court to declare the practice unlawful.",
        "sources": [
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            "url": "https://calmatters.org/justice/2025/10/el-cajon-police-license-plate-data/",
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            "url": "https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-sues-el-cajon-illegally-sharing-license-plate-data-out",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "oag.ca.gov",
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            "url": "https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-continues-legal-challenge-stop-el-cajon-illegally-sharing",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "oag.ca.gov",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kpbs.org/news/politics/2025/10/03/ca-attorney-general-sues-el-cajon-over-license-plate-reader-data-following-kpbs-story",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "kpbs.org",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          }
        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://calmatters.org/justice/2025/10/el-cajon-police-license-plate-data/",
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            "outlet": "calmatters.org",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Yet El Cajon has knowingly and repeatedly refused to comply with state law, jeopardizing the privacy and safety of individuals in its community.",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-sues-el-cajon-illegally-sharing-license-plate-data-out",
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            "outlet": "oag.ca.gov",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Yet despite clear guidance and multiple warnings, the City of El Cajon Police Department continues to share this data with numerous out-of-state law enforcement agencies throughout the country.",
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      {
        "anchor": "2025-10-21",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-10-21",
        "start": "2025-10-21",
        "end": "2025-10-28",
        "title": "University of Washington report on Border Patrol access to Washington Flock data",
        "why_it_fits": "Using public records from 31 Flock-using Washington police and sheriff's agencies, UWCHR reported that at least eight agencies turned on direct sharing with U.S. Border Patrol in 2025. It also reported that Flock audit logs showed apparent \"back door\" Border Patrol access to at least ten more departments that hadn't authorized it, from at least May to August 2025. The report also found \"limited cases\" where Washington agencies ran Flock searches on behalf of ICE or Border Patrol. Washington's Keep Washington Working Act would bar such searches when they serve civil immigration enforcement. After researchers told them, Auburn and Renton police said they had made their data available to federal agencies \"unintentionally\" and changed their settings. The Seattle Times reported that Lakewood police also changed theirs. These are an academic center's findings plus agency statements, not an official ruling.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "url": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2025/oct/22/border-patrol-ice-tapped-into-washington-police-su/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "url": "https://www.khq.com/news/uw-study-claims-u-s-border-patrol-found-back-door-to-local-flock-safety-networks/article_8f6cf6e1-c873-49ee-bc8d-7e605002ee12.html",
            "archive_url": null,
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          {
            "url": "https://www.opb.org/article/2025/12/04/think-out-loud-washington-immigration-agencies-license-plate/",
            "archive_url": null,
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          }
        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "outlet": "jsis.washington.edu",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "apparent “back door” access by U.S. Border Patrol to the networks of at least ten Washington police departments",
            "timestamp": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2025/oct/22/border-patrol-ice-tapped-into-washington-police-su/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "spokesman.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "police were not aware their Flock networks were accessible to federal law enforcement until UW researchers notified them",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.khq.com/news/uw-study-claims-u-s-border-patrol-found-back-door-to-local-flock-safety-networks/article_8f6cf6e1-c873-49ee-bc8d-7e605002ee12.html",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "khq.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "many mischaracterizations and factual errors.",
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        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2025-11-19",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2025-11-19",
        "start": "2025-11-19",
        "end": "2025-12-05",
        "title": "Braselton, Georgia police chief arrested for misusing the plate reader system",
        "why_it_fits": "On November 19, 2025, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) arrested Braselton Police Chief Michael Steffman, 49. He was charged with violating his oath as a public officer, stalking, harassing communications, and several counts of misusing the automated license plate recognition system. The Jackson County Sheriff's Office had asked for the investigation. The GBI said it found that Steffman used the system \"to harass and stalk multiple individuals.\" WSB-TV quoted a Flock representative saying the GBI contacted the company about a tip and that Flock handed over the system's built-in audit log. Steffman resigned the same day; he had been chief since April 2025 and with the department since 2005. The GBI said the case file would go to the Piedmont Judicial Circuit for prosecution. In April 2026, FOX 5 Atlanta reported, citing a source, that Steffman had been found dead at a Braselton home while the charges were still pending; the outlet said authorities had not officially confirmed the identity or cause of death.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://gbi.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-11-19/gbi-arrests-braselton-police-chief-harassment-and-stalking",
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          },
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            "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/atlanta/news/georgia-police-chief-retires-then-is-arrested-on-stalking-and-misuse-of-license-plate-reader-charges",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://lookout.co/georgia-police-chief-arrested-for-using-flock-cameras-for-stalking-and-harassment-searched-capitola-data-earlier-this-year/story",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
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            "url": "https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/gbi-investigating-death-braselton-home-east-lake-drive",
            "archive_url": null,
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        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://gbi.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-11-19/gbi-arrests-braselton-police-chief-harassment-and-stalking",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "statement",
            "outlet": "gbi.georgia.gov",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The investigation revealed that Steffman misused the automated license plate recognition systems to harass and stalk multiple individuals.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/atlanta/news/georgia-police-chief-retires-then-is-arrested-on-stalking-and-misuse-of-license-plate-reader-charges",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "cbsnews.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "News of his arrest broke hours after he announced his retirement from the department he had served for over 20 years.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://lookout.co/georgia-police-chief-arrested-for-using-flock-cameras-for-stalking-and-harassment-searched-capitola-data-earlier-this-year/story",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "lookout.co",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Steffman had searched Capitola's data three times from Jan. 31 to Feb. 4, for the most-searched license plate of the three.",
            "timestamp": null,
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        ],
        "corrections": []
      },
      {
        "anchor": "2026-01-30",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2026-01-30",
        "start": "2026-01-30",
        "end": "2026-02-04",
        "title": "Mountain View, California turns off its Flock cameras after an audit finds unauthorized access",
        "why_it_fits": "On Jan 30, 2026, Mountain View said an audit run by its police department found that a \"nationwide\" search setting had been turned on by Flock Safety for the city's first Flock camera, \"without MVPD’s permission or knowledge.\" From August to November 2024, federal agencies searched that camera's data. The city named ATF offices in Kentucky and Nashville, Langley Air Force Base, the GSA Office of Inspector General, Lake Mead National Recreation Area and an Ohio Air Force Base. The city said Flock did not keep records for that period, so it can't be determined whether any plate data was shared. The audit also found a \"statewide\" setting that let California agencies the police department had not approved reach 29 of the city's 30 cameras. The department turned that setting off on Jan 5. CBS News reported that California law bars sharing ALPR data with out-of-state or federal agencies without a court order or warrant from a California court. The city's own policy requires approval from the police chief or his designee before any agency gets access. The city called it \"a system failure on Flock Safety’s part.\" On Feb 2, Police Chief Mike Canfield turned off all the cameras. A Flock spokesperson told CBS News that the company was working through the city's concerns. On Feb 24 the city council voted unanimously to end the Flock contract.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/mountain-view-alpr-cameras-use-suspended-automated-license-plate-reader/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "url": "https://www.mountainview.gov/Home/Components/News/News/1203/284",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.mountainview.gov/Home/Components/News/News/1205/284",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "mountainview.gov",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.mountainview.gov/Home/Components/News/News/1211/284",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "mountainview.gov",
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        ],
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            "url": "https://www.mountainview.gov/Home/Components/News/News/1203/284",
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            "outlet": "mountainview.gov",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "This is a system failure on Flock Safety’s part.",
            "timestamp": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.mountainview.gov/Home/Components/News/News/1205/284",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "outlet": "mountainview.gov",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Effective immediately, all Flock Safety ALPR cameras in Mountain View will be turned off.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/mountain-view-alpr-cameras-use-suspended-automated-license-plate-reader/",
            "archive_url": null,
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            "outlet": "cbsnews.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "We look forward to resuming our successful partnership following the upcoming Council meeting.",
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        ],
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      },
      {
        "anchor": "2026-08-02",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2026-08-02",
        "start": "2026-08-02",
        "end": "2026-08-30",
        "title": "Flock license plate reader misuse by police officers",
        "why_it_fits": "1. A Washington Post investigation reported that at least 50 officers had been accused, charged or convicted of using Flock's system and other license plate readers to spy on people, in many cases stalking girlfriends or former partners. After publication, the Post said it had confirmed more than a dozen more cases (as summarized by ABC News).\n2. On Aug. 13, Flock announced it would require law enforcement to label every search with a criminal case number and would automatically review searches for abnormal activity, which would trigger lockouts. ABC News reported that Flock's Audit Assistance tool, which flags abnormal activity, had been adopted by about a third of the company's customers and would become mandatory by year's end. Flock CEO Garrett Langley wrote that the tool had been associated with arrests of several officers accused of abusing the system.\n3. Spectrum News reported that a new AI-powered Flock audit tool flagged more than 2,000 searches that Shively, Kentucky, police officer Asad Zahir made between January and May for a woman he had a previous relationship with, who had an emergency protective order against him. According to police records, 241 of the searches were made while that order was active. After the arrest, Shively police updated their policy for auditing officer Flock searches, and Chief Andre Bottoms said earlier audits had not been properly documented.\n4. Zahir was arrested on Aug. 25 and faces 10 misdemeanor charges: five counts of first-degree official misconduct and five counts of unlawful access, as described in the arrest body camera video obtained by Spectrum News. Spectrum reported that he pleaded not guilty, was released on a personal recognizance bond, and was due in court on Oct. 7.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://abcnews.com/GMA/News/flock-announces-security-amid-data-privacy-concerns/story?id=135619397",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/09/04/body-camera-video-of-shively-officer-arrest-released",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "spectrumnews1.com",
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        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/08/02/how-police-officers-used-vast-network-cameras-spy-their-exes/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "washingtonpost.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": null,
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            "url": "https://abcnews.com/GMA/News/flock-announces-security-amid-data-privacy-concerns/story?id=135619397",
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            "outlet": "abcnews.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "at least 50 officers had been accused, charged or convicted of using Flock’s system and other license-plate readers",
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/09/04/body-camera-video-of-shively-officer-arrest-released",
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            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "spectrumnews1.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "They did five counts instead of 2,048,\" a Shively officer replied. \"They just did one for each month.",
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          },
          {
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            "captured": "2026-10-25",
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      },
      {
        "anchor": "2026-09-23",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2026-09-23",
        "start": "2026-09-23",
        "end": "2026-10-05",
        "title": "A run of criminal charges for Flock misuse, fall 2026",
        "why_it_fits": "On Sept. 23, 2026, the Marion County prosecutor announced fraud and official-misconduct charges against five Indianapolis police officers. The charging documents allege they mostly used the Flock system to search for ex-partners and other people they knew. One officer, Jonathan Schultz, also faces two stalking counts (WFYI).\n\nOn Sept. 30, former Lufkin, Texas, officer Zachary Klein pleaded guilty to 100 counts of misuse of official information and was sentenced to five years. Prosecutors said he used police systems to gather information on his ex-girlfriend, her family members and people she had dated (KTRE).\n\nA DuPage County grand jury indicted two former officers on Sept. 29: Marisa Ciccola of Itasca and Gerardo Solis of West Chicago. The charges are official misconduct over unauthorized license-plate searches using Flock. Ciccola's searches also allegedly used the Law Enforcement Agencies Data System (LEADS) (DuPage County State's Attorney).",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.wfyi.org/wfyi-news/2026-09-24/five-indianapolis-police-officers-charged-for-misusing-flock-cameras",
            "archive_url": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.ktre.com/2026/09/30/lufkin-officer-pleads-5-years-100-counts-related-flock-camera-misuse/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "ktre.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.dailyherald.com/20261005/crime/two-former-suburban-officers-charged-with-misusing-flock-license-plate-cameras/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "dailyherald.com",
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        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.wfyi.org/wfyi-news/2026-09-24/five-indianapolis-police-officers-charged-for-misusing-flock-cameras",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "wfyi.org",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "The charged officers are: Matthew Dane Binford, Abigail Cramer, Cassandra Crawley, Michael Rogers and Jonathan Schultz.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.ktre.com/2026/09/30/lufkin-officer-pleads-5-years-100-counts-related-flock-camera-misuse/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "ktre.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Klein was sentenced to five years in prison with credit for 42 days.",
            "timestamp": null,
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          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.dupagecounty.gov/state_s_attorney/former_itasca_and_west_chicago_police_officers_charged_1770.php",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "statement",
            "outlet": "dupagecounty.gov",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "a twenty-one count Indictment against Marisa Ciccola, 30, alleging thirteen counts of Official Misconduct (Class 3 Felony)",
            "timestamp": null,
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          },
          {
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        ],
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      },
      {
        "anchor": "2026-10-15",
        "url": "https://rerunwire.com/s/misuse-of-license-plate-reader-data-by-officials/#2026-10-15",
        "start": "2026-10-15",
        "end": "2026-10-22",
        "title": "Savannah officer fired for sharing her Flock login with her ICE-agent husband",
        "why_it_fits": "The Savannah Police Department confirmed it fired officer Amber Harpe for giving her Flock login to her husband, an ICE agent. ICE does not have access to the department's Flock data. An internal audit found that between January and July her account was used for 983 searches on 97 license plates across six states. 788 of those searches were on South Carolina plates, and most of the vehicle owners were Hispanic. Investigators found a breach of department policy against letting unauthorized people into police software, not of Georgia's ALPR law. That law lets agencies share plate data with other law enforcement agencies, federal ones included. She was one of six Savannah police employees fired in August after Flock audits. The GBI arrested and charged four of the others with misuse of a license plate reader system, but did not charge Harpe.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.wtoc.com/2026/10/15/savannah-officer-fired-sharing-flock-login-with-ice-agent-husband/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "wtoc.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.kptv.com/2026/10/16/police-officer-fired-sharing-flock-login-with-husband-who-works-ice/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "kptv.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://gizmodo.com/cop-fired-for-letting-her-ice-agent-husband-use-her-flock-login-2000827428",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "gizmodo.com",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://gbi.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-08-21/gbi-arrests-four-former-savannah-police-department-employees-misuse",
            "archive_url": null,
            "outlet": "gbi.georgia.gov",
            "reliability": "needs_second_source"
          }
        ],
        "items": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.kptv.com/2026/10/16/police-officer-fired-sharing-flock-login-with-husband-who-works-ice/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "kptv.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Every name that I ever ran was an ICE target,",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.wtoc.com/2026/10/15/savannah-officer-fired-sharing-flock-login-with-ice-agent-husband/",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "wtoc.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "Immigration and Customs Enforcement confirmed it is investigating the matter because of its agent's involvement.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {}
          },
          {
            "url": "https://gizmodo.com/cop-fired-for-letting-her-ice-agent-husband-use-her-flock-login-2000827428",
            "archive_url": null,
            "kind": "article",
            "outlet": "gizmodo.com",
            "captured": "2026-10-25",
            "quote": "It's important to note that investigators didn't find that Amber Harpe broke Georgia's ALPR law.",
            "timestamp": null,
            "engagement": {
              "Comments": 48
            }
          }
        ],
        "corrections": []
      }
    ]
  }
}